Epiglottitis: A Bacterial Infection That Requires Emergency Attention

Epiglottitis: A Bacterial Infection That Requires Emergency Attention  

Epiglottitis is a life-threatening bacterial infection that causes severe inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, the small cartilage flap that covers the windpipe during swallowing. This condition can quickly block the airway, leading to difficulty breathing and requiring immediate medical intervention. Though epiglottitis is rare, it remains a medical emergency due to its rapid progression and potential for fatal airway obstruction.  

#### **Causes and Risk Factors**  

Epiglottitis is most commonly caused by bacterial infections, with *Haemophilus influenzae type B* (Hib) being the primary culprit in the past. However, due to widespread Hib vaccination, cases from this bacteria have significantly decreased. Other bacteria, such as *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, *Streptococcus pyogenes*, and *Staphylococcus aureus*, can also cause epiglottitis. In rare cases, viral infections, burns from hot liquids, or physical trauma to the throat can contribute to inflammation of the epiglottis.  

Certain individuals are at higher risk, including young children (especially those unvaccinated against Hib), adults with weakened immune systems, and people who engage in activities that increase throat injury, such as smoking or using illicit drugs.  

#### **Symptoms and Signs**  

Epiglottitis develops rapidly, often within hours, and includes several alarming symptoms. The classic signs of epiglottitis are:  

- **High fever** – A sudden, intense fever often exceeding 101°F (38.3°C).  

- **Severe sore throat** – Disproportionate to the physical appearance of the throat.  

- **Drooling** – Inability to swallow saliva due to throat pain and swelling.  

- **Stridor** – A high-pitched, wheezing sound when breathing, signaling airway obstruction.  

- **Difficulty breathing** – Rapid, shallow breathing, often with the person sitting upright and leaning forward to ease airflow.  

- **Voice changes** – Muffled or hoarse voice due to swelling.  

#### **Emergency Treatment**  

Epiglottitis requires **immediate** medical attention. If suspected, do not attempt to examine the throat, as this can worsen swelling. Seek emergency care, where doctors will focus on securing the airway. Treatment often includes:  

- **Endotracheal intubation** to maintain breathing.  

- **Intravenous antibiotics** to combat bacterial infection.  

- **Corticosteroids** to reduce swelling.  

- **Oxygen therapy** if breathing is compromised.  

With prompt treatment, most patients recover fully. However, delays in care can lead to suffocation and death. Recognizing epiglottitis symptoms early and seeking immediate medical intervention can be lifesaving.